Development of a Proposed Commercial Building Free Essays

string(46) and other industry codification of patterns. Contentss Foundation OF THE PROJECT†¦ †¦ †¦ Destinations OF THE PROJECT†¦ †¦ †¦ .. Facilities†¦ †¦ †¦ Distinguishing proof OF PROBLEMS†¦ †¦ †¦ Specialists/GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES†¦ †¦ . We will compose a custom article test on Advancement of a Proposed Commercial Building or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Obligations of parties†¦ †¦ †¦ .. Government/client†¦ †¦ †¦ .. Open work section†¦ †¦ †¦ .. Assessment OF PROCUREMENT METHODS†¦ †¦ RECOMMEDATION†¦ †¦ †¦ Decision PROCEDURES†¦ †¦ †¦ . Decision†¦ †¦ †¦ . Foundation OF THE PROJECT img alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/expositions/0891410.001.jpgimg alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/articles/0891410.002.jpg/ Proposed business building Targets OF THE PROJECT The points of the said endeavor for example building of business focus is a specialists ain endeavor. At the point when finished, it is relied upon to flexibly a contributing situation for business exercises. Subsequently, to achieve the underline mark, certain principles must be met in term of helpfulness for the exercises to be done. The structure is to be built for business goal thus the reason for building must be in topographic point. In this manner, the procurance to be use for building and strategies is extremely of import as it influence the cost, quality and clasp of bringing of the endeavor. As given, the clasp for undertaking finish is 2 mature ages under specific conditions. It is critical to comprehend what sort of procurance to accomplish certain work quality, inside the divided clasp and at a minimal effort cost. Perhaps, it is of import to comprehend the ground for building ( financial exercises ) to do the structure practical. Most open structures fizzled in light of the fact that a reasonable imprint is non place for the building open introduction. To achieve these, a back to back work casing ought to be masterminded with a reasonable imprint building. Offices Offices in business buildings are such huge numbers of and are given orchestrating to the capacities/open introduction of the business structure. Such buildings incorporate office structures, mechanical, retail/café, multifamily, land and grouped. Subsequently, the establishments accommodated every one of the above reference business structures shifts relying upon the sort of building request. The following are a portion of the establishments in business structures: Recreational establishments Eatery Ticket counter Love nation, for example, surau Expert market Product uproot nation Rest room/changing room Shops Bank offices/ATM machine Siting establishments for wheel seat clients Request workplaces Custom nation Holding up nation and so on Distinguishing proof OF PROBLEMS Much of the time, the specialists attempts huge scope endeavors and open establishments, for example, fundamental streets, larning foundations, clinics and sports establishments. They are non total compensation arranged yet significant in footings of bringing, nature of plants and wellbeing. Tragically a figure of specialists financed undertaking in the state endured. They neglected to achieve the said quality and plan. The inadequacy of range for bettering structure effectiveness and inferred applicable quality and productivity imprint and open introduction ventures for building plants. Inability to examine current example and the range for improvement by innovation in product and techniques. Inability to put explicit activities and great example which would help achieve progressively effective structure in footings of value and customer fulfillment, convenience in bringing and incentive for cash. Specialists/GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Obligations of gatherings Essentially there are three gatherings associated with this endeavor, to which if any slip-up emerges will be considered dependable. These gatherings include: The specialists who happens to be the customer and to which gives the agreement under a specific service. The central contractual worker of the endeavor The health and wellbeing resolution law and authorization department, which is liable for the adequacy execution of the alleged security and health arrangements. Government/customer The Government as the customer and as the customer and as the owner of the endeavor has an assorted obligations. The specialists should name a skilled planner or boss who will direct the endeavor from the beginning until completing stage. The arranging administrator to the building is explicitly alluded to in the SBC ( standard structure contract ) as being named by the business, and to which the arranging boss is expressed to be the originator except if some other single is distinguished. The arranging boss is required to: Guarantee that the structure maintain a strategic distance from predictable danger. Guarantee co-activity between inside decorators. Have the option to guidance the customer as the business is named in CDM94 ( building plan bearing ) on the competency of designated inside decorators. Have the option to counsel the customer on competency of the temporary worker. Guarantee preparing of bill of trade wellbeing and security program for the temporary workers at stamps stage. Pull out of the endeavor to the wellbeing and security official. Survey and alter the health and wellbeing documents as work returns. Convey the wellbeing and security records to the customer on culmination of the endeavor. The main contractual worker The standard contractual worker is expressed to be the temporary worker or such offer contract based worker as the business will name as the central temporary worker as per guideline 6 ( 5 ) of CDM 94. The business must be decently fulfilled that such standard contractual worker is equipped and can allot adequate assets to ensure contraption with statutes. The central temporary worker is required to: Guarantee that different contractual workers conform to their obligations on health and security undertakings. Co-ordinate co-work between sub-temporary workers Guarantee congruity with wellbeing and security programs. Guarantee that every single important individual follow all the health and security programs. Guarantee that simply approved individual are permitted nearby. Uncover a transcript of saw presented the health and wellbeing official. Flexibly the arranging administering with the data required for the wellbeing and security records. Train different contractual workers so the standard temporary workers duties are agree to. Wellbeing and security mandate natural structures The area of word related security and wellbeing ( DOSH ) and different departments has laws that set out the legitimate interest to ensure that the wellbeing and health of non only the laborers at topographic purpose of work however adjacent to the people each piece great. These rules applied to all work in structure activity and work of innovation building exercises in Malaysia. Secured by the word related wellbeing and health act 1994 ( ACT 514 ) the plant and machine act 1967 ( ACT 139 ) and all the statutes made there under. It is assigned to work as a prepared to hand notice and to peruse along with previously mentioned rule law and other industry codification of examples. You read Improvement of a Proposed Commercial Building in class Article models In this, the area health wellbeing and wellbeing work in coaction with other law natural structures to praise their arrangements. These are: National Institute of Safety and Health ( NAOSH ) . Development Industry Development Board ( CIDB ) . All these natural structures referenced supra are to ensure zero mishap is acquired both at topographic purpose of work after the head building furthermore during construction’s method. Points To secure the wellbeing, health and open help of individual at neutralize dangers of wellbeing and health starting out of exercises of people at work. To secure people at topographic purpose of work other than individual at neutralize risks to wellbeing and health starting out of individual at work. To propel a word related condition for individual at work which is adjusted to their physiological and physiological requests? To flexibly organizations where by the related word related security and wellbeing laws potentially progressively by an arrangement of statutes and gracefully industry codification of example operation

Two Ways

Self-change implies self-accepting to be an American resident, or all the more profoundly, an American. A worker who makes such suspicions expects legislative secure and grasp. The injury of change is the value they are eager to pay as trade for these advantages, while banish goes up against precisely immigrants† sentiment of having a place. The injury of self-change is in this manner a dynamic against oust. In Bharati Mukherjee's â€Å"Two Wap to Belong in America,† she diagrams how both her sister and she went to the United States from India with the opes of having a progressively special life.However, she spends the greater part of her piece portraying the different confusions that have rose, between both herself and her sister, Mira, and how these expenses have influenced their assessments of the American dream. Bharati, specifically, forfeits a lot so as to move, settle, and thrive in the United States. From her piece, I recognized three costs that Bharati needed to pay so as to keep on pursuing her fantasy. Bharati's previously cost is her Indian citizenship.While she has no issues with surrendering her Indian citizenship, others rush to forsake the inheritance their precursors have built up. I believe it's observable why this is a progressively significant expense to certain foreigners. This carries me to Bharati's second cost which is the vanishing of her familial inheritance. Bharati, alongside each migrant who chose to gain American citizenship, neglects to comply with her familys built up heritage because of getting this citizenship. Once more, she appears to be more than ready to hinder from the way her family might want her to remain on.In different words, she has no issues â€Å"renouncing 3,000 years (in any event) of standing attentive, â€Å"pure culture† marriage in the Mukherjee family'. Bharati's third expense is her honesty. When Bharati discusses living with her better half in Canada and is out of nowhere separated and urged to move as a result of â€Å"a Green Paper that welcomed a national submission on the undesirable symptoms of â€Å"nontraditional† immigration†. She left Canada as a result of her being separated. She lost her feeling of pride when that happens to her.Bharati perceives that there is a cost for those ho decide not to move, yet she fails to recognize the contribution that she has paid because of migrating. This announcement affirms that she doesn't perceive the â€Å"self-transformation† that she experienced in her quest for the American dream. I concur that ‘The value that the settler enthusiastically pays, and that the outcast maintains a strategic distance from, is simply the injury change. † I additionally feel that complexities that surface during one's quest for the American dream are likewise the expenses related with accomplishing their vision Two Ways By airforce90

100 Must-Read Books About Christianity

100 Must-Read Books About Christianity According to Pew Research, Christianity is the worlds largest religious group, so its worth knowing something about it, whether youre a Christian or not. And if youre interested in learning more about the Christian faith, theres no lack of books out there. Its hard to know where to start! Im here to help with enough recommendations to keep you reading for a long time. A few caveats: Christianity is a diverse tradition that  comprises a variety of perspectives, and not all of the books on this list will agree with each other. There are several that I argued with quite a lot when I read them, but those that Ive read were interesting, comforting, or challenging in the best way. Others come highly recommended from sources I respect.  Not all of the books are written from a Christian perspective, and some are critical of  the church, but they do provide useful insights. And I believe that most of the books on the list offer value for both believers and those who are just curious about Christian beliefs. I am currently a member of the Episcopal church and briefly attended a theologically moderate Baptist seminary, so this list will lean heavily on those traditions. Ive tried to include a mix of light books and more dense theological works as well as some important classics. I hope you find this helpful, and feel free to share books you recommend in the comments. Christian Living After Shock: Searching for Honest Faith When Your World Is Shaken by Kent Annan. “In the wake of a historic earthquake in the fragile country of Haiti, Kent Annan considers sufferingâ€"from the epic to the everydayâ€"as a problem for faith.” The Book of Forgiving: The Fourfold Path for Healing Ourselves and Our World by Desmond Tutu and Mpho Tutu. “Archbishop Desmond Tutu, along with his daughter, the Reverend Mpho Tutu, offer a manual on the art of forgivenessâ€"helping us to realize that we are all capable of healing and transformation.” Crazy Christians: A Call to Follow Jesus by Michael B. Curry. Based on a 2012 address by the current presiding bishop of the Episcopal church, this book encourages Christians to be “as crazy as the Lord.” The Four Loves by C.S. Lewis. Drawing on Greek terms for love, Lewis explores four different forms of loveâ€"affection, friendship, erotic love, and the love of Godâ€" and how we express them in our lives. Irresistible Revolution: Living as an Ordinary Radical by Shane Claiborne. “Shane Claiborne describes an authentic faith rooted in belief, action, and love, inviting us into a movement of the Spirit that begins inside each of us and extends into a broken world.” The Jesuit Guide to (Almost) Everything: Spirituality for Real Life by James Martin. A whimsical guidebook for how to use Ignatian spirituality as a guide to day-to-day life. Life of the Beloved: Spiritual Living in a Secular World by Henri Nouwen. An exploration of what it means to be loved by God and how that knowledge can help us throughout life. One. Life: Jesus Calls, We Follow by Scot McKnight. “Equipping you with a new understanding of that kingdom’s radical nature, One.Life shares profound, challenging, and practical insights on how to demonstrate its reality in your life.” The Ragamuffin Gospel: Good News for the Bedraggled, Beat Up, and Burnt Out by Brennan Manning. “Brennan Manning’s now-classic meditation on grace and what it takes to access itâ€"simple honestyâ€"has changed thousands of lives.” Sabbath as Resistance: Saying No to the Culture of Now by Walter Brueggemann. “In this volume, popular author Walter Brueggemann writes that the Sabbath is not simply about keeping rules but rather about becoming a whole person and restoring a whole society.” Seeing in the Dark: Finding Gods Light in the Most Unexpected Places by Nancy Ortberg. “Highlights the often unexpected, sometimes imperceptible, yet always extraordinary means God uses to light our way through even the most painful and challenging moments in life.” Speak: How Your Story Can Change the World by Nish Weiseth. “A book about the power of telling our own stories and hearing those of others to change hearts, build bridges, advocate for good, make disciples with grace, and proclaim Gods kingdom on Earth today. Spiritual Sobriety: Stumbling Back to Faith When Good Religion Goes Bad by Elizabeth Esther. “The author, who grew up in a hyper-controlling church cult, will help you find hope and rebirth in the ruins of disillusioned faith.” Whats So Amazing About Grace? by Philip Yancey. “Philip Yancey explores grace at street level. If grace is God’s love for the undeserving, he asks, then what does it look like in action?” Wishful Thinking: A Seekers ABC by Frederick Buechner. Buechner takes a fresh look at the words Christians use to describe the faith and provides his own wry definitions. History American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation by Jon Meacham. The story of how the founders of the United States viewed faith and how they built a country of religious freedom. Christianity: A Very Short Introduction by Linda Woodhead. “Exploring the cultural and institutional dimensions of Christianity, and tracing its course over two millennia, Linda Woodhead provides a fresh, lively, and candid portrait of Christianitys past and present.” Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years by Diarmid MacCulloch. A comprehensive history of Christianity around the globe, this book is a massive work of scholarship filled with information about how the church interacts with history and culture and how it has changed over time and in different regions. Forgive Us: Confessions of a Compromised Faith by Mae Elise Cannon, Lisa Sharon Harper, Troy Jackson, and Soong-Chan Rah. “In each chapter of Forgive Us two pastors who are also academically trained historians provide accurate and compelling histories of some of the American church’s greatest shortcomings. The Great Emergence: How Christianity is Changing and Why by Phyllis Tickle. “Examines history, social upheaval, and current events, showing how a new form of Christianity is rising within postmodern culture.” A Peoples History of Christianity by Diana Butler Bass. In the tradition of Howard Zinn, Diana Butler Bass presents a history of radical movements within and on the fringes of the established church. Sisters of Sinai: How Two Lady Adventurers Discovered the Hidden Gospels by Janet Soskice. The story of how Agnes and Margaret Smith traveled to the Middle East in the late 19th century and uncovered an early Biblical manuscript. Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth by Reza Aslan. “A fascinating, provocative, and meticulously researched biography that challenges long-held assumptions about the man we know as Jesus of Nazareth.” Memoir/Personal Journey 7: An Experimental Mutiny Against Excess by Jen Hatmaker. Haymaker describes her familys seven-month experiment in eliminating excess in seven areas of their lives by making seven simple choices. Adventure of Ascent: Field Notes from a Lifelong Journey by Luci Shaw. “In this book, writer-poet Luci Shaw has given us a lifetime of exquisite reflections on nature, love, death, suffering, loss, faith, doubt, creativity, curiosity, lifelong learning.” An Altar in the World: A Geography of Faith by Barbara Brown Taylor. “Taylor shares how she learned to find God beyond the church walls by embracing the sacred as a natural part of everyday life. Amazing Grace: A Vocabulary of Faith by Kathleen Norris. Norris examines how the vocabulary of Christianity kept her at a distance when she first returned to the church after a long absence. The Bible Tells Me So: Why Defending Scripture Has Made Us Unable to Read It by Peter Enns. “The controversial Bible scholar and author recounts his transformative spiritual journey in which he discovered a new, more honest way to love and appreciate God’s Word. Bipolar Faith: A Black Womans Journey with Depression and Faith by Monica Coleman. Coleman weaves family history and history of the Black church into her account of her personal journey to growing in faith and coming to terms with her own mental illness. Come Be My Light by Mother Teresa. “This collection of letters she wrote to her spiritual advisors over decades, almost all of which have never been made public before, sheds light on Mother Teresas interior life.” Confessions by Augustine of Hippo. In this classic work, the Bishop of Hippo recounts how he left behind a life of licentiousness to become one of Christianitys most important theologians. Facing East: A Pilgrims Journey into the Mysteries of Orthodoxy by Frederica Mathewes-Green. “Following the framework of the Orthodox calendarâ€"from Lent to Pascha to Nativity, from Vespers to feasts to fastsâ€"Mathewes-Green chronicles a year in the life of her small Orthodox mission church. Girl Meets God: A Memoir by Lauren Winner. Winner was an Orthodox Jew when she felt drawn to Christianity and eventually converted. In this book, she walks through a church year, drawing on wisdom from both traditions. The Hiding Place by Corrie Ten Boom and Elizabeth and John Sherrill. The story of how Corrie Ten Boom and her family helped save Jews in the Holocaust and were eventually taken to concentration camps, with Corrie the familys only survivor. The Irrational Season by Madeleine LEngle. A journal of the church year, with reflections on life, church, and God. Left to Tell: Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust by Immaculee Ilibagiza. A survivor of the Rwandan genocide describes how she came to believe in Gods unconditional love and the power of prayer during the months she spent hiding from genocidal killers. The Long Loneliness: The Autobiography of the Legendary Catholic Social Activist by Dorothy Day. An autobiography by the social activist and founder of the Catholic Worker Movement. My Bright Abyss: Meditation of a Modern Believer by Christian Wiman. Poet Christian Wiman begin exploring Christianity around the same time he was diagnosed with cancer. In this meditative memoir, he considers the struggle of faith and doubt in the midst of darkness. Pastrix: The Cranky, Beautiful Faith of a Sinner and Saint by Nadia Bolz-Weber. “Nadia Bolz-Weber takes no prisoners as she reclaims the term pastrix (pronounced pas-triks, a term used by some Christians who refuse to recognize female pastors) in her messy, beautiful, prayer-and-profanity laden narrative about an unconventional life of faith.” Reluctant Pilgrim: A Moody, Somewhat Self-Indulgent Introverts Search for a Spiritual Community by Enuma Okoro. “Part Augustine, part Jane Austen with a side of Anne Lamott, Okoro attempts to reconcile her theological understanding of Gods call to community with her painful and disappointing experiences of community in churches where she often felt unseen, pigeon-holed or out of place.” Searching for Sunday: Loving, Leaving, and Finding the Church by Rachel Held Evans. Using the seven sacraments as a framework, Rachel Held Evans describes how she became disenchanted with church life and then found her way back. The Seven Storey Mountain by Thomas Merton. “The unique spiritual document of a man who withdrew from the world only after he had fully immersed himself in it.” The Spiral Staircase: My Climb Out of Darkness by Karen Armstrong. Armstrong  shares her story of joining a convent, deciding to leave, and finally discovering what shed been seeking in the study of  comparative religion. Take This Bread: A Radical Conversion by Sara Miles. An atheist, lesbian, left-wing journalist walks into a church, takes communion, and is changed. Miless new-found faith drives her to open food pantries to combat physical and spiritual hunger. Transparently: Behind the Scenes of a Good Life by Lisa Salazar. “Lisa shares the story of her journey as a transwoman and Christian; written with tenderness, humility, sensitivity and complete transparency.” Waiting for God by Simone Weil. A collection of letters and essays in which Weil discusses her spiritual journey. The Year of Living Biblically: One Mans Humble Quest to Follow the Bible as Literally as Possible by A.J. Jacobs. A journalist spends a year trying to follow the rules laid out in the Bible while also getting to know believers from various communities that focus on literal readings of scripture. Prayer and Devotion Celebration of Discipline: The Path to Spiritual Growth by Richard Foster. A description and how to manual for inward (prayer, meditation, fasting, study); outward (simplicity, solitude, submission, service); and corporate (confession, worship, guidance, celebration) spiritual disciplines. Experiencing God Through Prayer by Jeanne Guyon. Offers a brief and simple instruction in contemplative prayer that is about being in God’s presence, rather than presenting requests to God. Help, Thanks, Wow: The Three Essential Prayers by Anne Lamott. “Author Anne Lamott writes about the three simple prayers essential to coming through tough times, difficult days and the hardships of daily life.” The Practice of the Presence of God by Brother Lawrence. “For nearly 300 years this unparalleled classic has given both blessing and instruction to those who can be content with nothing less than knowing God in all His majesty and feeling His loving presence throughout each simple day.” A Prayer Journal by Flannery OConnor. “A rare portal into the interior life of the great writer. Not only does it map OConnors singular relationship with the divine, but it shows how entwined her literary desire was with her yearning for God.” The Sacrament of the Present Moment by Jean-Pierre de Caussade. A collection of talks and letters by the 18th-century Jesuit priest about serving God by surrendering daily to Gods will. The Way of Perfection by Teresa of Avila. “Written by a prominent sixteenth-century Spanish mystic and Carmelite nun, it forms a practical guide to prayer that embraces readers with its warmth and accessibility.” A Time to Keep Silence by Patrick Leigh Fermor. “More than a history or travel journal, this beautiful short book is a meditation on the meaning of silence and solitude for modern life.” Social Issues Americas Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, and the Bridge to a New America by Jim Wallis. “Wallis offers a prophetic and deeply personal call to action in overcoming the racism so ingrained in American society.” Christ and Culture by H. Richard Niebuhr. “This book deals with one of the most central issues in religious discussions today one that has been pivotal in history: to what degree should the world and the kingdom as revealed by Christ co-exist?” Disunity in Christ: Uncovering the Hidden Forces that Keep Us Apart by Christena Cleveland. “With a personal touch and the trained eye of a social psychologist, Cleveland brings to bear the latest studies and research on the unseen dynamics at work that tend to separate us from others.” Does Jesus Really Love Me? A Gay Christians Pilgrimage in Search of God in America by Jeff Chu. “Part memoir and part investigative analysis that explores the explosive and confusing intersection of faith, politics, and sexuality in Christian America.” Doing Christian Ethics from the Margins by Miguel A. De La Torre. “Presents a justice-based ethics that avails itself of the perspectives and experiences of those on the margins.” Down We Go: Living Into the Wild Ways of Jesus  by Kathy Escobar. “It’s based on the idea of living into the Beatitudes, and explores what it means to follow Jesus into the hard places of suffering, inequality, and injustice in order to cultivate, hope, beauty, justice, equality, generosity and healing.” The Faith Club: A Muslim, a Christian, and a Jew: Three Women Search for Understanding  by Rayna Idliby, Suzanne Oliver, and Priscilla Warner. Three mothers from three different faiths form a group to discuss their beliefs and their personal struggles with faith and life. God and the Gay Christian: The Biblical Case in Support of Same-Sex Relationships by Matthew Vines. “Feeling the tension between his understanding of the Bible and the reality of his same-sex orientation, Vines devoted years of intensive research into what the Bible says about homosexuality.” The Holy Vote: The Politics of Faith in America by Ray Suarez. A look at the intersection between faith and politics in the U.S. and how people across the religious spectrum believe religion should inform government. Jesus and the Disinherited by Howard Thurman. This influential book, a favorite  of Dr. Martin Luther King  Jr., explores the gospels message of hope and resistance for the poor and disenfranchised. Jesus Feminist: An Invitation to Revisit the Bibles View of Women by Sarah Bessey. “This loving yet fearless book urges today’s church to move beyond man-made restrictions and fully welcome women’s diverse voices and experiences.” The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence of Belief by Francis S. Collins. The director of the National Institutes of Health and former leader of the Human Genome Project argues that faith and science are not incompatible. More Than Serving Tea: Asian American Women on Expectations, Relationship, Leadership and Faith by Nikki Toyama and Tracey Gee (editors). “Nikki Toyama and Tracey Gee and a team of Asian American women share how God has redeemed their stories and helped them move beyond cultural and gender constraints.” The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity by Philip Jenkins. A look at the churchs growth in the global South and what that means for the church around the world. The Politics of Jesus by John Howard Yoder. “Using the texts of the New Testament, Yoder critically examines the traditional portrait of Jesus as an apolitical figure and attempts to clarify the true impact of Jesus life, work, and teachings on his disciples social behavior.” Prophetic Lament: A Call for Justice in Troubled Times by Soong Chan-Rah. “Soong-Chan Rahs prophetic exposition of the book of Lamentations provides a biblical and theological lens for examining the churchs relationship with a suffering world.” Red Letter Christians: A Citizens Guide to Faith and Politics by Tony Campolo. “Campolo examines many of the hot-button issues facing evangelicals from the perspective of Jesus’ red-letter words in the Bible.” Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Knowâ€"And Doesnt by Stephen Prothero. Describes Americans religious ignorance and its implications and presents some basic facts about major religious faiths. Rescuing Jesus: How People of Color, Women, and Queer Christians Are Reclaiming Evangelicalism by Deborah Jian Lee. “An inside look at the young, diverse, progressive Christians who are transforming the evangelical movement.” Resident Aliens: Life in the Christian Colony by Stanley Hauerwas and William H. Willimon. “Discusses the nature of the church and its relationship to surrounding culture. It argues that churches should focus on developing Christian life and community rather than attempting to reform secular culture.” Strength to Love by Martin Luther King Jr. A collection of Kings sermons and essays from the Civil Rights era that lay out his vision of justice as part of Christian discipleship. The Cross and the Lynching Tree by James Cone. Explains how the meaning of the cross and the lynching tree are intertwined and considers what they mean today for both black and white America and the church. A Theology of Liberation by Gustavo Gutierrez. “This is the credo and seminal text of the movement which was later characterized as liberation theology. The book burst upon the scene in the early seventies, and was swiftly acknowledged as a pioneering and prophetic approach to theology which famously made an option for the poor.” Torn: Rescuing the Gospel from the Gays-vs.-Christians Debate by Justin Lee. The founder of the Gay Christian Network shares his own experiences and calls for respect on all sides of the debate about the place of gay Christians. Trouble Ive Seen: Changing the Way the Church Views Racism by Drew G.I. Hart. “Leading readers toward Jesus, Hart offers concrete practices for churches that seek solidarity with the oppressed and are committed to racial justice.” The Violence of Love by Oscar A. Romero. “These selections from the sermons and writings of Archbishop Oscar Romero share the message of a great holy prophet of modern times.” Theology The Cost of Discipleship by Dietrich Bonhoeffer. “One of the most important theologians of the twentieth century illuminates the relationship between ourselves and the teachings of Jesus.” Deeper Than Words: Living the Apostles Creed by David Steindl-Rast. “Spiritual teacher and bridge-builder Brother David Steindl-Rast translates the Apostles Creed for today, uncovering the deeper universal truths that can be an inspiration to all people.” The First Christmas: What the Gospels Really Teach About Jesus Birth by Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan. Two scholars delve into the nativity stories in the Bible, breaking down misconceptions and exploring what those stories mean today. Gathering at Gods Table: The Meaning of Mission in the Feast of Faith by Katharine Jefferts Schori. “In an insightful and powerful voice, Katharine Jefferts Schori, [former] presiding bishop of The Episcopal Church, explores the meaning of mission in the context of contemporary life.” The Idolatry of God: Breaking Our Addiction to Certainty and Satisfaction by Peter Rollins. “Introduces an incendiary approach to faith that invites us to joyfully embrace our brokenness, resolutely face our unknowing, and courageously accept the difficulties of existence.” In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins by Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza. “This brilliant scholarly treatise succeeds in bringing to our consciousness women who played an important role in the origins of Christianity.” Introduction to Christian Theology by Justo L. González  and  Zaida Maldonado Perez. “Consciously avoiding the perspective of one school of thought or confessional tradition, the authors provide the reader with a brief, broad overview of the questions and contents of theological study.” Introduction to Womanist Biblical Interpretation by Nyasha Junior. “Argues that womanist biblical interpretation is not simply a byproduct of feminist biblical interpretation but part of a distinctive tradition of African American women’s engagement with biblical texts.” Love Wins: A Book About Heaven, Hell, and the Fate of Every Person Who Ever Lived by Rob Bell. “Addresses one of the most controversial issues of faithâ€"hell and the afterlifeâ€"arguing, would a loving God send people to eternal torment forever?” The Meaning of Jesus by Marcus Borg and N.T. Wright. Two theologians with different views hash out their disagreements about Jesus in a respectful dialogue about questions that both consider vitally important. The Mind of the Maker by Dorothy L. Sayers. “By turns an entrancing mediation on language; a piercing commentary on the nature of art and why so much of what we read, hear, and see falls short; and a brilliant examination of the fundamental tenets of Christianity.” Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why by Bart Ehrman. A valuable introduction to textual criticism, this book explores the history of the earliest New Testament manuscripts and how and why those manuscripts were altered. The Moral Vision of the New Testament by Richard Hays. An explanation of the ethical teachings within the New Testament and how to apply that ethical framework to contemporary social issues. A New Kind of Christianity: Ten Questions That Are Transforming the Faith by Brian McLaren. Considers how the church is evolving in its understanding of key questions regarding who God is and how Christians should engage with the world. On the Incarnation by Athanasius. An influential classic that lays out the argument for Jesus being fully God and fully human. Orthodoxy by G.K. Chesterton. Chesterton presents his argument for the truth of Christianity in this classic work of apologetics. Surprised by Hope: Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, and the Mission of the Church by N.T. Wright. Delves into what the Biblical writers meant when they talked about heaven and shows how many Christians today are getting it wrong. Whose Bible Is It? A History of the Scriptures Through the Ages by Jaroslav Pelikan. “Takes the reader through the good book’s evolution from its earliest incarnation as oral tales to its modern existence in various iterations, translations, and languages.” Whose Religion Is Christianity? The Gospel Beyond the West by Lamin Sanneh. “Sannehs engaging narrative takes the form of a self-interview in which he asks questions about the cross-cultural expansion of Christianity and provides insightful answers and meaningful predictions about the future.”

Developmental Theories Of Child Development - 3452 Words

Developmental theory, with Piaget as the most prominent theorist, presents the idea that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world around them. Development is seen to take place in broad stages from birth through to adulthood, with each stage characterized by qualitatively distinct ways of thinking. However, some developmental theorists, in contrast to Piaget, place more emphasis on personal, social and emotional development rather than cognitive development and prefer to delay ‘academic’ experiences until later, for instance after the age of seven years in Steiner’s theory. A further distinction between developmental theorists sees some as holding a discontinuous theory of development that is believing that stages are discrete and distinct, with children moving from one to the other in a clear cut fashion, whereas others believe that the stages are continuous and overlap, with the child moving to and fro across distinctions. ‘Developmental theories recognize both consistency and variability in child development’ (DEEWR, 2010: 2). The focus for early childhood educators is clearly on understanding each child’s development and then planning to facilitate the identified developmental needs. This will determine what should be the nucleus of the curriculum. Developmental theories in practice If you incorporate a developmental perspective in your work with young children you would: †¢ believe that young children need time to mature andShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of A Child s Social And Emotional Development1377 Words   |  6 Pagesof child development there have been many scientific studies which have formed our understanding of children’s social and emotional development, within this essay I am going to look at some of the theses developmental theories and how they have impacted modern day society in understanding the development of a child’s social and emotional development. Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan (Santrock, 2008, p.5) Emotional development is theRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Development1536 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies attempting to obtain the secrets of human development and identify the exact science behind it. Experts have not been able to discover any exact influences of normal human development, nor have they been able to uncover the exact causes of devel opmental abnormalities (Disabilities). What they have found can seem quite confusing and has caused much debate among those trying to tackle the answer to the question. Is ones developmental trajectory determined by the highness of their geneticsRead MoreMental Illness And Child Development881 Words   |  4 PagesMental Illness and Child Development Mental Illness is a prominent occurrence throughout the world and commonly overlooked in the development of children. From psychotic disorders, such as Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder to emotional dysregulation and mood disorders, such as Major Depression and Anxiety children are prone to such occurrences just as adults. Child development is a very broad subject that encompasses an array of environmental and biological factors contributing to theRead MoreHow Do Humans Develop Over A Lifetime? Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagestime is developmental psychology. Developmental psychology is the study of how humans develop relating to the mind, body, and spirit. It not only is an approach based on a micro sense, but on a macro sense as well. Micro meaning the development from baby to adult and macro meaning how a culture itself develops over a time span. Because developmental psychology is an umbrella term, it is used to describe a number of different disciples that are all f ocused on one common goal (Developmental Psychology)Read MoreGrandma Vs. Research : Child And Adolescent Development912 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Grandma vs. Research 1 Grandma vs. Research PSY 104: Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Janet Stebbins Michelle Glahe April 3, 2017 Grandma vs. Research 2 Grandma’s Advice The advice you get from your grandma, grandpa or any one that is your elder, should notRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory And Theory908 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Erik Erikson’s theory and Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby theory support the idea that early life experiences impact the person across their lifespan. Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the eight stages of life and the forces and values that arise at each stage, which should be developed within this frame. The attachment theory focuses on the interaction an individual has and the impact it may have on their psychological and social development. Both theories believe that personality beginsRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Experiential Learning1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn this childhood developmental study, a comparative analysis of the theories of Lee Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, and Howard Gardner will be evaluated through the lens of experiential learning. Through Vygotsky’s realization of the childhood learni ng through â€Å"hands-on† experience (experiential learning), the cultural and socioeconomic factors defines the progress a child makes in the individual progression towards growth in the educational system. Piaget beheld similar views on experiential learning inRead MoreSigmund Freud And Ericksons Developmental Theories1262 Words   |  6 PagesContrast of Freud and Erickson’s Developmental Theories The issue of human development has been a pertinent one within the human society. In this respect, there are several developmental theories that have been forwarded by some of the world’s most renowned psychologists. The two main psychoanalytic theories of concern are Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Sigmund Freud was a supporter of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and thus his theory is similar to the latter’sRead MoreRelations of Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecological Systems Theory to the â€Å"Growing up in New Zealand† 1137 Words   |  5 Pagessummaries one developmental theory; and discuss its relevance in relation to findings from the â€Å"Growing up in New Zealand† study. I have chosen Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecological Systems Theory. I will look at the findings of the Now We Are Born Report that has collated study cohort data from birth to 9 months old (Morton, Atatoa-Carr, Grant, Lee, Bandara, Mohal, Kinloch†¦et al 2012). I will discuss how two finding relate to Brofenbreener’s model. Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological System Theory Urie BronfenbrennerRead MoreDevelopmental Theories That Assist Social Workers Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental theories are integral to a social workers approach when working with children, and families as they help to guide and explain situations and behaviours. As social workers have an ethical and professional responsibility to their clients, they need to have an established set of guiding theories which underpin their practice. If they work without these theories, they could place their clients at risk of harm by practising from personal assumptions. They also help the social worker understand

Social Media And Its Effects On Society - 2621 Words

In recent years, the world has changed by modern technological developments. People in these days are living real revolution and changes that affect in somehow their life. Social media has contributed to link parts of this wide world to each other, and paved the way for all people exchange views and ideas. In addition, social media sites are considered the most widespread on the Internet because of its characteristics that made it different from other websites. Because of social media, people has become living in small town. They do not need to travel in order to getting informations or news. Social media has created easier way to achieve communication between individuals and groups.Social media websites, such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace , High Five, Tagged and YouTube have allowed people to exchange video clips, photos, share files and perform immediate talks and direct communication and interaction between the audience. Despite of advantages of social media that offer to its us ers, there are some disadvantages that may overcome those advantages. There are a lot of severe criticisms that social media faced because of its negative impact on individuals, families and society. Steal information, break the personal privacy, wasting a lot of time and isolation from people are some of problems that people have faced because of social media. People have divided into two group toward this issue. Some people think that social media has contributed to make their life better.Show MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1597 Words   |  7 PagesSociety Crumbles into Smithereens One Post at a Time You are walking out of the new Star Wars movie, posting about how superb it was, when suddenly you are swooped up and thrown in the back of a vehicle. No one would have thought posting about how you were there earlier would provoke such a situation. After all, social networking is â€Å"safe† and â€Å"friendly.† Now, social media is defined as â€Å"A form of electric communication through which users create online communities to share information,† accordingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1711 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence usually are not the first words you would expect to come to mind when thinking about the term â€Å"social media,† yet with a little digging you will soon realize it could be the perfect description. Social media can be defined as forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages and other content. Most often social media is understood as a p ositive concept because of the ways it has allowed us to attain cheap and easilyRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn a broad sense, Social media refers to elements such as websites, television, blogs, IM, and other applications that enable users to create and share various forms of content such as messages, pictures, and information, or to be able to participate in social networking. Social media depends on web-based applications, which allow a high level of virtual interaction on various levels such as social, professional, and educational levels. Social media has had various contributions to the developmentRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1592 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of vast social media networks has improved our communications and interactions. These networks, such as Facebook and Twitter, are essential to how information is shared and criticized. The Social Media Handbook defines social media as â€Å"networked information services designed to support in-depth interaction, community formation, collaborative opportunities and collaborative work† (Hunsinger, 2014 p.1). Having an account or profile on these sites is more than a social norm; it is a requirementRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1359 Words   |  6 PagesPeople may say social media is good for you but is it really? Everyday, everywhere I always see people on social media calling people bad names, not being able to communicate face to face with each other. Social media, social media, social media†¦ oh what is has done to the world, so many students grades have dropped, criminals PROMOTE crimes. Ultimately, what is at stake here is social media will one day take over the world. People’s safety will be in danger, crimes will increase, people will getRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1601 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent editorial titled â€Å"Hazards of Social Media† on your LinkedIn page on February 10th, 2016. It was very interesting to read your perspective on social media and its effect on society. Having an undergraduate major in Psychology at the University of Southern California and currently conducting research on social media usage at the Brain and Creativity Institute of USC, I have spent significant time researching the issue of social media.Though I agree that social media can be hazardous if not used effectivelyRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society998 Words   |  4 Pagesis bound to be a shift in social norms. As the times change, so does societ al views on acceptable values. One such possibility is the standard value accepted by mainstream society in which the way a female body is sexually portrayed in the media. It appears that society has not only accepted this standard, but has increasingly encouraged a more sexualized representation of the female body. Social media is an informational highway about what is accepted by the larger society and inferred by the individualsRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has become prominent parts of life for many young people today. Most people engage with social media without stopping to think what the effects are on our lives, whether positive or negative. Are we as a society becoming more concerned with Facebook friends than we are with the people we interact with face-to-face in our daily lives? What will the longterm effects of today s social media use be? There are many positive aspects, but there are equally as many dangers that come withRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1151 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media The Workplaces’ Largest Enemy Being employed means that an individual will in most cases have coworkers and bosses; the environment shared between the employees is known as the workplace. In the time before technology, people being fired from their jobs was not an unheard of situation. The difference now is people are being terminated from their jobs because of something they posted on social media. If this was not the case, it would set a precedent that posting inappropriate or hurtfulRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesIn our modern world, the use of social media is overwhelming and second nature due to the availability. Several people all around the world possess some form of an electronic device that is capable of accessing social media, rather it be Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and many more. â€Å"Technology’s rampant popularization over the past decade in terms of social media has meant that texting, Facebook, and Twitter have inevitable take n over as the most efficient ways of communicating with each

Gender Discrimination in the Workforce Free Essays

Although there have been decades of hard won civil rights gains for women, we do not yet live in a gender blind society. Sexism perpetuates a cycle of unfulfilled aspirations among women. Public policies are being scrutinized under ever stricter legal microscopes, and an atmosphere of unease about the future pervades our national consciousness – â€Å"a future beset with economic challenges from abroad, technological innovation at home, a demographic revolution in our workforce, and a re-stratification of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Discrimination in the Workforce or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Restrictions on women’s access to and participation in the workforce include the wage gap and the glass ceiling. We will discuss the following laws that have helped women make important strides in the workforce, cracking (but not breaking) the glass ceiling so they could climb up the corporate ladder: the 1963 Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Executive Orders 11246/11375, the 1968 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act. In addition, we will provide reasons for the continuing network discrimination against females, a recent case study of pervasive gender discrimination resulting in a 152. 5 million dollar ettlement by one well known employer who was sued, and steps women can take to continue making strides toward an equal opportunity workforce. Legislation requiring equal pay for women was first introduced in 1945 in acknowledgement of women’s war work. Business owners and labor organizations succeeded in thwarting the effort, in part because of the perceived need for women to leave the labor force to create vacancies for retu rning servicemen. By the end of the 1950’s, policymakers were becoming concerned about insufficient use of â€Å"womanpower†. In 1963, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act as an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to require employers to pay equal wages to men and women doing â€Å"equal work on jobs†¦which [require] equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and are performed under similar working conditions†. The Equal Pay Act was the first federal effort to bar discrimination by private employers on the basis of gender. The Equal Pay Act has limitations in its enforcement of protecting women – for full-time, year- round workers, the 2009 American Community Survey median earnings for women were 78. 2 ercent of men’s earnings – $35,549 compared with $45,485. Furthermore, women’s earnings were lower than men’s in all of the 50 states. One year after passing the Equal Pay Act, Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which made it unlawful to discriminate based on a person’s race, religion, color, or sex. Title VII attacks sex discrimination mo re broadly than the Equal Pay Act extending not only to wages but to compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. Thus with the Equal Pay Act and Title VII, an employer cannot deny women equal pay for equal work, deny women transfers, romotions, or wage increases, manipulate job evaluations to regulate women’s pay, or intentionally segregate men and women into jobs according to their gender. In 1971 Reed v. Reed became the first case that the Supreme Court would uphold Title VII to, thus protecting women from sex discrimination. One year following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 as a directive as to how the act should be interpreted and followed. Executive Order 11246 prohibited public and government sector employers from iscriminating based on race, color, religion, or national origin, but not sex. Executive Order 11246 was amended by Executive Order 11375 on October 13, 1967 after sexual harassment became an issue. Sex would now be included as a category that could not be discriminated against by an employer. Executiv e Order 11375 meant to ensure that women would not be exploited sexually to advance their careers. Women were to now be protected in the workplace from supervisors and coworkers who did not take into consideration the concept of personal space or offensive language and conduct. Legal regulations now banned these behaviors and legal action could be taken if they did occur. Executive Order 11375 meant women should no longer have to worry about being discriminated against in the workplace in terms of being hired or released. Executive Order 11375 meant that Affirmative Action (of Executive Order 11246) now applied to women as well. Affirmative Action is an organization’s active effort to find opportunities to hire or promote people in a particular group (in this instance, women). Affirmative Action plans must consist of an equal opportunity policy statement, an analysis of he current work force, identification of underrepresented areas, the establishment of reasonable, flexible goals and timetables for increasing employment opportunities, specific action-oriented programs to address problem areas, support for community action programs, and the establishment of an internal audit and reporting system. Contractors receiving more than $10,000 from the feder al government must take affirmative action, and those exceeding $50,000 must develop a written affirmative action plan for each of their establishments. The plan must be in place within 120 days of the beginning of the contract. Employers whose contracts meet minimum size requirements must engage in affirmative action to ensure against discrimination. Employers must consider all qualified individuals for employment, must choose without regard to gender (now a protected category), and must engage in outreach to encourage the broadest possible group of qualified individuals to enter the supply or applicant pool. In 1967 Congress passed the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. The ADEA branches from the debate on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the asis of race, color, national origin, or sex, but not age. President Lyndon Johnson strongly believed that age was a growing issue among Americans. This law prohibits discrimination of men and women employees over the age of 40 and forbids companies to base employment decisions solely on an applicant’s age. The Equal Opportunity Commission enforces this act but there are still many complaints filed yearly from work ers who are experiencing discrimination because of their age. For many years, elderly workers have felt that they are losing out to their younger coworkers. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act attempts to eliminate the gap between younger and older employees. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act applies to businesses with 15 or more employees working 20 or more weeks per year including employees in state and local government, federal government, employment agencies, and labor organizations. The ADEA helps protect unlawful discrimination of older individuals that can occur when applying or interviewing for jobs. The Age Discrimination Act protects employees by prohibiting employers to include age preferences or limitations in job applications and advertisements. Under the ADEA it is not expressly forbidden to ask an applicant’s age, but it is closely examined to make sure the query was made for a legitimate purpose. Despite the Age Discrimination Act, The Supreme Court recently changed what qualifies as successfully proven age discrimination. Companies come up with multiple reasons why an employee is terminated without mentioning age, when in actuality the employee’s age is the only factor. Seniors are a growing population and many are planning to work past their retirement age. Discrimination against age is not only affecting individual employees but ociety as a whole. An employee now has to prove that their age was the sole reason for their employer’s actions, therefore older workers can barely fight or prosecute age discrimination. In 2007, 60-year-old Oklahoma City Teacher Judy Jones filed an age discrimination suit against the superintendant who eliminated her teaching position and reassigned her to an office job as a principal. Judy’s salary decreased and benefits were affected during her second year as principal, while school directors and the superintendant himself frequently commented on Judy’s age and retirement plans. The district court rejected her claim because she â€Å"could not show sufficient evidence† that her age was the sole reason for her relocated position and reduced pay. There have been successful outcomes to Age Discrimination lawsuits as the U. S. Equal Opportunity Commission recently charged two companies with age discrimination. A 70-year- old pharmacist at the Honolulu Kmart was awarded $120,000 after higher management habitually commented on, and wrote about, her elderly age, causing her humiliation and compelling her to retire. In another case, a 75-year-old qualified receptionist was fired based on ge after her second day at work at Red Rock Western Jeep Tours Inc. She filed a lawsuit and it was settled in a $35,000 payout. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 defines discrimination on the basis of pregnancy and childbirth or any other form of illegal sex discrimination. This act is meant to ensure that no woman will be subject to non-hire by an employer due to preg nancy. She is to be treated the same as any other individual and is to be guaranteed benefits and accommodations based on the same policies and procedures as any other employee with a disability. Pregnancy discrimination occurs when expectant mothers are fired, not hired, or otherwise discriminated against due to their pregnancy or intention to become pregnant. Common forms of pregnancy discrimination include not being hired due to visible pregnancy or likelihood of becoming pregnant, being fired after informing an employer of one’s pregnancy, being fired during maternity leave, and receiving a pay dock due to one’s pregnancy. In 1978, the U. S. Congress passed the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, an amendment to the sex discrimination section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act states that discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Title VII. This clause covers employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. Title VII also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government. Women who are pregnant or affected by pregnancy-related conditions must be treated in the same manner as other applicants or employees with similar abilities or limitations. An employer may not single out pregnancy related conditions to determine an mployee’s ability to work. However, if an employer requires its employees to submit a doctor’s statement concerning their inability to work before granting leave or paying sick benefits, the employer may require employees affected by pregnancy-related conditions to submit such statements. If an employee is temporarily unable to perform her job because of her pregnancy , the employer must treat her the same way as any other temporarily disabled employee. Pregnant employees must be permitted to work as long as they are able to perform their jobs. If an employee has been absent from work as a result of a pregnancy-related condition nd recovers, her employer may not require her to remain on leave until the baby’s birth. An employer also may not have a rule that prohibits an employee from returning to work for a predetermined length of time after childbirth. Employers must hold open a position for a woman who has been absent due to pregnancy-related issues for the same length of time jobs are held open for employees on sick or disability leave. Any health insurance provided by an employer must cover expenses for pregnancy- related conditions on the same basis as costs for other medical conditions. An employer need ot provide health insurance for expenses arising from abortion, except when the life of the mother is endangered. Pregnancy-related expenses should be reimbursed exactly as those incurred for other medical conditions, whether payment is on a fixed basis or a percentage of a specific amount. The amounts payable b y the insurance provider can be limited only to the same extent of amounts payable for other conditions. No additional, increased, or larger deductible can be imposed. Employers must provide the same level of health benefits for spouses of female employees as they do for spouses of male employees. Pregnancy-related benefits cannot be limited to married employees. Benefits must be provided for pregnancy-related conditions to unmarried women if benefits are provided to employees for other medical conditions. If an employer provides any benefits to workers on leave, the employer must provide the same benefits for those on leave for pregnancy-related conditions. Employees on leave because of pregnancy-related conditions must be treated the same as other temporarily disabled employees for accumulation and crediting of seniority, vacation calculation, pay increases, and temporary disability benefits. A case that was important to the creation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was Muller v. Oregon (1908). The Supreme Court upheld a decision limiting women to 10 hour workdays based on the idea that â€Å"performance of maternal functions† made women inherently incapable of the same work that men did. In the 1950s and 1960s, laws in several states prohibited women from working and others banned their hiring for some length of time before and after birth. Reasons for the continuing network discrimination against women include myths about female workers, conscious and unconscious stereotyping and biasing applied by many white en who are desperate to keep their competitive edge over women, and inadequate reporting and dissemination of information pertaining to glass-ceiling issues. The following myths about female employees, despite being disproved, still exist: women executives refuse to work long hours or relocate, and many women executives take leave of absences (and that th ose who go on federally and state protected maternity leave have suddenly lost professional credibility upon becoming pregnant or taking temporary leave). Statistics show women executives work 56 hours per week on average – the same as their ale counterparts. Only 14 percent refused to relocate as compared to 20 percent of the men. Only one-third of female executives surveyed had ever taken a leave of absence and 82 percent of these were for maternity leave or other family reasons protected under FMLA. Finally, there can be a twisted perception that women executives lose their professional credibility upon becoming pregnant or taking maternity leave – an â€Å"out of sight, out of mind† mantra held by their bosses. Furthermore, a pregnant woman obviously has priorities outside of work and a selfish mployer may have the unreasonable expectation of work being a sole priority. Research suggests that an underlying cause of the glass ceiling is the perception of many white males â€Å"that they as a group are losing – losing competitive advantage, losing control, and losing opportunity as a direct consequence of inclusion of women. † There is also a â€Å"difference† barrier â€Å"manifested through conscious and unconscious stereotyping and bias. † People who do hiring feel most comfortable hiring people who look like them. Recruiters for high-status jobs are predominately white males who then hire other white males from the same socio- conomic status, which helps perpetuate their over-representation in the best jobs. Governmental barriers include the collection and disaggregation of employment related data which make it difficult to ascertain the status of various groups at the managerial level. There also continues to be inadequate reporting and dissemination of information pertaining to glass ceiling issues. Most importantly, there needs to be consistent monitoring and enforcement of laws and policies already on the books. The following case demonstrates how costly illegal gender discrimination can be to employers: In May 2010, a jury in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York awarded a record $250 million in punitive damages to 5,600 female sales employees in a sexual discrimination case after Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (â€Å"Novartis†) took the lawsuit filed against them to court – and lost. In July 2010, the parties reached a $152 million settlement agreement of the plaintiffs’ claims of gender discrimination in the terms and conditions of their employment, including compensation, promotion/promotional opportunities, reviews, and pregnancy leave. The terms of this greement allow for full compensation of former and current female employees dating from 2002-2010, ensuring that every woman who worked at Novartis over the past 8 years was compensated fairly. As part of the settlement, Novartis must also spend an additional $22. 5 million over the next three years on anti-discrimination policies, programs, and training, as well as on strengthening its employee complaint process. Novartis was ordered to increase its Human Resource and Employment Relations staff within nine months of the effective state of the settlement agreement – ensuring that there would be ne Employment Relations Investigator for every 1,000 Novartis employees. A Compliance Master would be appointed as an external specialist for the New York Federal Court to monitor Novartis’s compliance with the settlement agreement’s terms and conditions. Steps that women can take to continue making strides toward an equal opportunity workforce are to show themselves as decision makers, risk-takers, and players. Furthermore, a female manager should do her best to remove gender biases from her own business practices by not comparing her employees to men at the top . In Conclusion, women are just a few steps closer to being looked at as equal to men due to these legal acts. Women now have fewer restrictions and more rights within the workforce. The 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Title VII brought women higher pay and more equal opportunity. Women are now seeing the benefits of Executive Order 11375 which included protection from any sexual harassment. In 1967 the Age Discrimination in Employment Act was put into place to include age from discrimination, and women benefited from the insistence that age should not prevent a capable and qualified person from working. In 1978 the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was implemented so that pregnancy did not determine a woman’s ability to work; it also ensured that she received the same benefits as anyone else with a disability. Furthermore, even today women are fighting to have fair rights within the workplace. Even with the legal clauses, women are faced with stereotypes and glass-ceiling barriers. In order for women to overcome the problems they are tackling, to truly be protected and to have the rights that they deserve, there must be constant reinforcement of the laws that are currently in place. How to cite Gender Discrimination in the Workforce, Papers

Speech Class Essays - Nonverbal Communication, Gesture, Actio

Speech Class I am one of those who suffer from butterflies, that uncomfortable feeling in my chest and stomach, before speaking in public. This is not only a problem for myself, but it is also a common fear and a concern for many people. My purpose is to denounce a few dynamics I feel have helped me to become a more effective speaker and to manage my butterflies. I will prove to you that strong body language makes ideas and feelings more clear, vigorous and engaging. First, I will show how eye contact unconsciously engages the audience. Second, I will prove that vocal emphasis is the key to a vigorous speech. Third, I will confirm that gestures reinforce the ideas of the speech, making the speech clearer to the audience. I am able to tell how well my audience is engaging through eye contact. Eye contact is not achieved by looking out the window, at the ceiling or floor, or at notes too often. Good eye contact does not mean looking over the heads of people or moving quickly from face to face, or even picking out and speaking mainly to one member of the audience who seems interested. Rather, eye contact means looking into the eyes of a member of the audience and holding the gaze for a moment or two and then looking at other members of the audience in the same way. Through eye contact a sense of interaction is enhanced. I have learned through presenting my speeches that eye contact allows me to get to know and appreciate my audience as individuals, as they are given an opportunity to get to know and appreciate me. By means of eye contact, I am able to make ideas and feelings more clear. I am able to determine if I am being understood. I can detect signs of interest or lack of comprehension. I feel that I must eye the audience to really engage communication. Our voices naturally convey feeling. When we suppress our emotions or exert strong will power to control our actions, our voice reflects such activity. We may appear calm and even manage a smile, but there is edginess to our voice that shows the tenseness. An effective voice reflects the speaker's true feelings about the idea. A voice that reflects the speaker's personal involvement is generally vigorous. According to Wilbur E. Gilman, a graduate of Queens College of the City University of New York and author of The Fundamentals of Speaking, the speaker who develops the skills to control his voice gives his words richer and fuller meanings, makes his ideas clearer and more emphatic, brings out contrast in thought, expresses a variety of feelings, heightens his climaxes and total effect. Hypothetically speaking, a moving object always attracts attention. This principle is true in public speaking in the sense that a speaker can always count on moving his vocal emphasis by lowering or r aising his voice to help him gain or hold the audience's attention. Vocal emphasis is valuable for punctuating the speech and providing variety. I feel that the effective voice is vibrant, forceful, and varied. A voice that is alive is filled with the excitement and enthusiasm, which the speaker feels. In Franklin Roosevelt's fireside chats, I can see the importance of vocal emphasis. Roosevelt's speaking on the radio seemed spontaneous and intimate, as though he was in the living room with his listening audience. Therefore, I feel that through modulating my voice, I am able to establish the mood I want and my ideas efficiently. Gestures reinforce the ideas of the speech and as a result add clarity to the speech. Gestures should be kept simple and natural, so that they add to the speech not detract from it. Our spontaneous gestures, which are simply a reflection of our inner feelings, stimulate others to feel as we do. There is an old saying Tie a German's hands and he cannot speak. I believe this saying is filled with truth when applied not to Germans alone, but also to speakers in general. Gestures aid in adding description to ideas. For instance, when the fisherman tells us with the use of his hands that he caught one so